|
Type Species |
(BGMV-PR) |
The genomes of most begomoviruses of the “Old World” and all “New World” begomoviruses consist of two components, each 2.5-2.8 kb in size; however, there are begomoviruses with only a single ssDNA component (for example Acalypha yellow mosaic virus (AYVV), some tomato viruses like Tomato yellow leaf curl virus - Israel (TYLCV-Is), Tomato leaf curl virus-Australia (ToLCV-Au)): these are all “Old World” or from Eurasia/Africa/Australasia. A satellite circular ssDNA has recently been found associated with a single-component begomovirus: this is encapsidated by the viral CP and replicated by viral Rep, and contains the TAATATTAC nonanucleotide common to all Geminiviridae.
Characterised protein products are the CP (AV1 ORF), responsible for encapsidation and which may be involved in movement; the replication associated protein (Rep, AC1 ORF); the transcriptional activator protein (TrAP, AC2 ORF); the replication enhancer protein (REn, AC3 ORF); the product of the AC4 ORF, which is a major determinant of symptom expression; the cell-to-cell MP (BC1 ORF), and the nuclear shuttle protein (NSP, BV1 ORF).
Genome Organization and Replication
The autonomously-replicating component (whole genome or DNA A) encodes five to six genes (one or two on the virion and four on the complementary strand) whereas the dependent component (DNA B, if present) encodes two genes (one on each strand). The two genomic components (if present) share approximately 200 bp of sequence (encompassing the conserved TAATATTAC sequence) within the intergenic region (IR) which is then termed the “common region” (CR) (Fig. 4). The complete genomes of more than 40 distinct begomoviruses have been sequenced.
Serological tests show all begomoviruses to be relatively closely related. The use of monoclonal antibodies has shown that begomoviruses may be grouped geographically based on shared epitopes.
Individual begomoviruses generally have narrow host ranges amongst dicotyledonous plants.
Transmitted in nature by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), although some groups distinguish the “B” or silverleaf biotype as Bemisia argentifolii. Some species are transmissible by mechanical inoculation. Experimentally some species have been transmitted by either Agrobacterium-mediated transfer of cloned genome components, or biolistically, either using recombinant DNA methods (i.e., Abutilon mosaic virus (AbMV), African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), AYVV, Bean dwarf mosaic virus (BDMV), Bean golden mosaic virus - Puerto Rico (BGMV-PR), Pepper huasteco virus (PHV), Potato yellow mosaic virus (PYMV), Squash leaf curl virus (SLCV), Tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV), Tomato mottle virus (ToMoV), Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV), Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)), or by use of total nucleic acid extracts from infected plants.
List of Species Demarcation Criteria in the Genus
The criteria demarcating species in the genus are:
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Different numbers of genome components, |
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Different organization of genes in the genome, |
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No trans-replication of genomes by Rep proteins, |
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No pseudorecombination between components, |
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Complete genome A sequence identity less than 90%, |
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Coat protein sequence identity less than 90%, |
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Antigen differences, |
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Different vector species, |
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Differences in host range/pathogenicity. |
Official virus species names are in italics. Tentative virus species names, alternative names ( ), strains or serotypes are not italicized. The virus names, their CMI/AAB description numbers ( ), their genomic sequence accession numbers [ ], and assigned abbreviations ( ) are:
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Abutilon mosaic virus |
[X15983, X15984] |
(AbMV) |
|
Acalypha yellow mosaic virus |
(AYMV) | |
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African cassava mosaic virus |
[J02057, J02058, X17095, X17096, Z83252, Z83253] |
(ACMV) |
|
Ageratum yellow vein virus |
[X74516] |
(AYVV) |
|
Althea rosea enation virus |
(AREV) | |
|
Asystasia golden mosaic virus |
(AGMV) | |
|
Bean calico mosaic virus |
[L22757, L22758] |
(BCaMV) |
|
Bean dwarf mosaic virus |
[M88179, M88180] |
(BDMV) |
|
Bean golden mosaic virus - Brazil |
[M88686, M88687] |
(BGMV-Br) |
|
Bean golden mosaic virus - Puerto Rico (192) |
[M10070, M10080, L01635, L01636, D00200, D00201, M91604, M91605] |
(BGMV-PR) |
|
Bean golden mosaic virus - Dom. Rep., BGMV-DR | ||
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Bean golden mosaic virus - Guatemala, BGMV-Gua | ||
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Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus |
(BYVMV) | |
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Cotton leaf crumple virus |
(CLCrV) | |
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Cotton leaf curl virus - Pakistan 1 |
[X98995] |
(CLCuV-Pk1) |
|
Cotton leaf curl virus - Pakistan 2 |
(CLCuV-Pk2) | |
|
(Pakistani cotton leaf curl virus, PCLCuV) | ||
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Cowpea golden mosaic virus |
(CPGMV) | |
|
Croton yellow vein mosaic virus |
(CYVMV) | |
|
Dolichos yellow mosaic virus |
(DoYMV) | |
|
East African cassava mosaic virus |
[Z83258, Z83256] |
(EACMV) |
|
Eclipta yellow vein virus |
(EYVV) | |
|
Euphorbia mosaic virus |
(EuMV) | |
|
Hollyhock leaf curl virus |
(HLCV) | |
|
Honeysuckle yellow vein mosaic virus |
(HYVMV) | |
|
Horsegram yellow mosaic virus |
(HgYMV) | |
|
Indian cassava mosaic virus |
[Z24758, Z24759] |
(ICMV) |
|
Indian tomato leaf curl virus |
[Z48182, X89653, X78956] |
(IToLCV) |
|
Jatropha mosaic virus |
(JMV) | |
|
Leonurus mosaic virus |
[U92532] |
(LeMV) |
|
Limabean golden mosaic virus |
(LGMV) | |
|
Macroptilium golden mosaic virus |
[U69603, U69604, U79732, U69733, U75277, U75278, U75279, U73511, U75280, U75468] |
(MGMV) |
|
Macrotyloma mosaic virus |
(MaMV) | |
|
Malvaceous chlorosis virus |
(MCV) | |
|
Melon leaf curl virus |
(MLCV) | |
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Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (323) |
[D147703, D14704] |
(MYMV) |
|
Okra leaf curl virus |
(OLCV) | |
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Papaya leaf curl virus |
(PaLCV) | |
|
Pepper huasteco virus |
[X70418, X70419] |
(PHV) |
|
Pepper leaf curl virus |
(PepLCV) | |
|
Pepper mild tigré virus |
(PepMTV) | |
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Potato yellow mosaic virus |
[D00940, D00941] |
(PYMV) |
|
Pseuderanthemum yellow vein virus |
(PYVV) | |
|
Rhynchosia mosaic virus |
(RhMV) | |
|
Serrano golden mosaic virus (Texas pepper virus, TPV) |
[U57457] |
(SGMV) |
|
Sida golden mosaic virus |
[X99550, X99551, Y11097, Y11098, Y11099, Y11100, Y11101] |
(SiGMV) |
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Sinaloa tomato leaf curl virus |
[AF040635] |
(STLCV) |
|
Solanum tomato leaf curl virus |
[U51893, U51894] |
(SToLCV) |
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Solanum yellow leaf curl virus |
(SYLCV) | |
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South African cassava mosaic virus |
(SACMV) | |
|
Squash leaf curl virus |
[M38182, M38183, M63157, M63158, M63155, M63156, L20240, L27272, L27273, S77090] |
(SLCV) |
|
Squash leaf curl virus - China |
[S77090] |
(SLCV-Ch) |
|
Taino tomato mottle virus |
(TToMoV) | |
|
Tomato golden mosaic virus |
[M73794, K02029, K02030] |
(TGMV) |
|
Tomato leaf crumple virus, (Chino del tomate virus CdTV) |
[U57458, AF007823, L34746 to L34749, L27267, L27268] |
(TLCrV) |
|
Tobacco leaf curl virus |
(TLCV) | |
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Tomato leaf curl virus - Australia |
[S53251] |
(ToLCV-Au) |
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Tomato leaf curl virus - Bangalore I |
[L12739, L12738, L12739] |
(ToLCV-BanI) |
|
Tomato leaf curl virus - Bangalore II |
[U38239] |
(ToLCV-BanII) |
|
Tomato leaf curl virus - New Delhi |
[U15015, U15017, U15016] |
(ToLCV-NDe) |
|
Tomato leaf curl virus - Senegal |
[D88800] |
(ToLCV-Sn) |
|
Tomato leaf curl virus - Taiwan |
[U88692] |
(ToLCV-Tw) |
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Tomato leaf curl virus - Tanzania |
[U73498] |
(ToLCV-Tz) |
|
Tomato mottle virus |
[L14460, L14461] |
(ToMoV) |
|
Tomato severe leaf curl virus |
(ToSLCV) | |
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Tomato yellow dwarf virus |
[U82829] |
(ToYDV) |
|
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus - China |
[D88773] |
(TYLCV-Ch) |
|
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus - Israel |
[X15656, X76319, L12219, U65089, U84146, U84147, U84397, U85782, U88889] |
(TYLCV-Is) |
|
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus - Nigeria |
(TYLCV-Ng) | |
|
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus - Sardinia |
[X61153, Z28390, Z25751, L27708, Z86067, Z92670, Z92671] |
(TYLCV-Sar) |
|
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus - Southern Saudi Arabia |
(TYLCV-SSA) | |
|
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus - Tanzania |
[U73498] |
(TYLCV-Tz) |
|
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus - Thailand |
[M59838, M59839] |
(TYLCV-Th) |
|
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus - Yemen |
[X79429] |
(TYLCV-Ye) |
|
Tomato yellow mosaic virus |
(ToYMV) | |
|
Tomato yellow mottle virus |
(ToYMoV) | |
|
Tomato yellow vein streak virus |
[U79998] |
(ToYVSV) |
|
Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus |
[X79430] |
(WmCSV) |
|
Watermelon curly mottle virus |
(WmCMV) | |
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Wissadula golden mosaic virus |
[U69603, U69604, U69732, U69733] |
(WGMV) |
|
Zinnia leaf curl virus |
(ZiLCV) | |
Tentative Species in the Genus
|
Eggplant yellow mosaic virus |
(EYMV) |
|
Eupatorium yellow vein virus |
(EpYVV) |
|
Lupin leaf curl virus |
(LLCV) |
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Sida yellow vein virus |
(SiYVV) |
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Solanum apical leaf curl virus |
(SALCV) |
|
Soybean crinkle leaf virus |
(SCLV) |
Unassigned Viruses to the Family
None reported.
Phylogenetic Relationships within the Family
See Fig. 5.
The Rep protein is supposed to act similarly to that of the multicomponent ssDNA circular nanoviruses (eg., Banana bunchy top virus); the latter also have a very similar nonanucleotide sequence conserved among all genome segments, and replicate via rolling circles. It is speculated that geminiviruses derive from prokaryotic episomal replicons.
Curto: sigla from Beet curly top virus.
Begomo: sigla from Bean golden mosaic virus.
Gemini: from latin meaning “twins”, describing the characteristic twinned (geminate) particle morphology.
Mastre: sigla from Maize streak virus.
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