Figure 1 (Top) Schematic cartoon (not to scale) shows the inferred locations of the various structures and proteins. (Bottom) In panel (A) Alpharetrovirus: (Avian leukosis virus, ALV; type “C” morphology); panel (B) Betaretrovirus: Mouse mammary tumor virus, MMTV; type “B” morphology; panel (C) Gammaretrovirus: Murine leukemia virus, MLV; panel (D) Deltaretrovirus; Bovine leukemia virus, BLV; panel (E) Lentivirus: Human immunodeficiency virus 1, HIV-1; panel (F) Spumavirus: Human foamy virus, HFV. (Courtesy of M. Gonda reproduced from “Retroviruses”, CSH Press, with permission). The bar represents 100 nm.
Figure 2 The 7.2 kbp Avian leukosis virus (ALV) provirus is shown, indicating the positions of the LTRs and encoded genes (gag, pro, pol, env), their relative reading frames (ribosomal frameshift site: arrowhead; individual mRNAs, solid line arrows with gene products).
Figure 3 The 10 kb Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) provirus is shown indicating the positions of the LTRs and encoded genes (gag, pro, pol, env, sag), their relative reading frames (ribosomal frame-shift sites: arrowheads; individual mRNAs, solid line arrows with gene products).
Figure 4 The 8.3 kb Murine leukemia virus (MLV) provirus is shown indicating the positions of the LTRs and encoded genes (gag, pro, pol, env), their relative reading frames (ribosomal read-through site, arrowhead; individual mRNAs, solid line arrows with gene products).
Figure 5 The 8.7 kbp Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) provirus genome is shown indicating the positions of the LTRs and encoded structural genes (gag, pro, pol, env) and certain other non-structural genes (tax, rex), their reading frames (ribosomal frameshift sites, arrowheads; individual mRNAs, solid lines with gene products).
Figure 6 The 12.3 kbp Walleye dermal sarcoma virus (WDSV) provirus genome is shown indicating the positions of the LTRs and encoded structural genes (gag, pro, pol, env) and certain other non-structural genes (ORFs a, b, and c, their reading frames (ribosomal read-through site, arrow head; individual mRNAs, solid lines with gene products).
Figure 7 The 9.3 kbp Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) provirus is shown indicating the positions of the LTRs and encoded structural genes (gag, pro, pol, env) and certain non-structural genes (vif, vpr, tat, rev, nef), their reading frames (ribosomal frameshift site, arrowhead; individual mRNAs, solid lines with gene products). The genes in other members of the genus may occupy different reading frames.
Figure 8 The 11.6 kb Chimpanzee foamy virus (CFV) provirus is shown indicating the positions of the LTRs, the internal promoter (IP), encoded structural genes (gag, pro, pol, env), the accessory reading frames (tas and bet) and individual mRNAs leading to known proteins.
Figure 9 Phylogenetic analysis of conserved regions of the polymerase genes of retroviruses. (Courtesy of Quackenbush, S. and Casey, J.) An unrooted neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree was constructed with the PHYLIP package (Felsenstein, J., 1995. “PHYLIP [Phylogeny Inference Package] Version 3.57c.” University of Washington, Seattle) based on an alignment of the amino acid residues contained within domains 1 through 4 and part of domain 5 (Xiong, Y. and Eickbush, T.H. 1990. Origin and evolution of retroelements based upon their reverse transcriptase sequences. EMBO 9, 3353-3362) of reverse transcriptase genes of several retroviruses.
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