Type Species

Human rhinovirus A

(HRV-A)

Virion Properties

Morphology

Rhinoviruses share with human enteroviruses the same, comparatively uneven, surface, with its characteristic canyon around the 5-fold axis (attachment site for the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) receptor), thick-walled capsid, and pocket factor-binding cavity.

Physicochemical and Physical Properties

Virions are unstable below pH 5-6. They can also be distinguished from enteroviruses by their porosity to CsCl, which gives rise to a buoyant density in the range 1.38-1.42 g/cm³.

Nucleic Acid

The 5-NTR of 0.65 kb is shorter than that of enteroviruses, owing to a deletion of approximately 100 nts between the IRES and the translation start site. The IRES is of type 1. Nucleotide sequence identity over the entire genome for different species of the genus Rhinovirus, or between enteroviruses and rhinoviruses is more than 50%, although it may be greater or less than this for particular genomic regions.

Proteins

Virion proteins are very similar in size to those of human enteroviruses.

Genome Organization and Replication

These are similar to human enteroviruses. Antiviral, pocket-binding drugs, analogous to those used against enteroviruses, have been described.

Antigenic Properties

Antigenic properties, including the N-D conversion, are as for human enteroviruses.

Biological Properties

Human rhinoviruses can be divided into major and minor receptor group viruses. Eighty-nine serotypes (major group) use ICAM-l as receptor, 10 serotypes (minor group) bind members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family and one serotype (HRV-87) uses an as yet unidentified sialylated membrane protein. Clinical manifestations include the common cold and other upper and lower respiratory tract illnesses of humans. Cap-dependent translation of host mRNA is inhibited by 2A^pro, which cleaves the host eIF-4G.

List of Species Parameters in the Genus

Members of a rhinovirus species share:

greater than 70% amino acid identity in P1,

greater than 70% amino acid identity in 2C + 3CD,

similar susceptibility of receptor attachment to inhibition by pocket-binding antiviral agents (“inhibitor group” A or B).

List of Species in the Genus

Official virus species names are in italics. Tentative virus species names, alternative names ( ), strains or serotypes are not italicized. Virus names, genome sequence accession numbers [ ], and assigned abbreviations ( ) are:

Species in the Genus

Human rhinovirus A (18 serotypes)

(HRV-A)

Human rhinovirus 1^†

[D00239]

(HRV-1)

Human rhinovirus 2

[X02316]

(HRV-2)

Human rhinovirus 7

[Z47564]

(HRV-7)

Human rhinovirus 9

(HRV-9)

Human rhinovirus 11

[Z47565]

(HRV-11)

Human rhinovirus 15

(HRV-15)

Human rhinovirus 16

[L24917]

(HRV-16)

Human rhinovirus 21

[Z47566]

(HRV-21)

Human rhinovirus 29

[Z47567]

(HRV-29)

Human rhinovirus 36

[Z49123]

(HRV-36)

Human rhinovirus 39

(HRV-39)

Human rhinovirus 49

[Z47568]

(HRV-49)

Human rhinovirus 50

[Z47569]

(HRV-50)

Human rhinovirus 58

[Z47570]

(HRV-58)

Human rhinovirus 62

[Z47571]

(HRV-62)

Human rhinovirus 65

[Z47572]

(HRV-65)

Human rhinovirus 85

(HRV-85)

Human rhinovirus 89

[M16248]

(HRV-89)

Human rhinovirus B (3 serotypes)

(HRV-B)

Human rhinovirus 3

[U60874]

(HRV-3)

Human rhinovirus 14

[K02121, K01087, L05355]

(HRV-14)

Human rhinovirus 72

[Z47574]

(HRV-72)

^† HRV-1 is divided into two antigenic subtypes referred to as HRV-1A and HRV-1B.

Tentative Species in the Genus

Serotypes not yet assigned to a species (82 serotypes)

Bovine rhinovirus 1

(BRV-1)

Bovine rhinovirus 2

(BRV-2)

Bovine rhinovirus 3

(BRV-3)

Human rhinovirus 4 to 6

(HRV-4 to 6)

Human rhinovirus 8

(HRV-8)

Human rhinovirus 10, 12, 13

(HRV-10, 12, 13)

Human rhinovirus 17 to 20

(HRV-17 to 20)

Human rhinovirus 22 to 28

(HRV-22 to 28)

Human rhinovirus 30 to 36

(HRV-30 to 36)

Human rhinovirus 37, 38

(HRV-37, 38)

Human rhinovirus 40 to 48

(HRV-40 to 48)

Human rhinovirus 51 to 57

(HRV-51 to 57)

Human rhinovirus 59 to 61

(HRV-59 to 61)

Human rhinovirus 63 to 64

(HRV-63 to 64)

Human rhinovirus 66 to 71

(HRV-66 to 71)

Human rhinovirus 73 to 84

(HRV-73 to 84)

Human rhinovirus 86 to 88

(HRV-86 to 88)

Human rhinovirus 90 to 100

(HRV-90 to 100)

	greater than 70% amino acid identity in P1,
	greater than 70% amino acid identity in 2C + 3CD,
	similar susceptibility of receptor attachment to inhibition by pocket-binding antiviral agents (“inhibitor group” A or B).


Human rhinovirus A (18 serotypes)		(HRV-A)
Human rhinovirus 1^†	[D00239]	(HRV-1)
Human rhinovirus 2	[X02316]	(HRV-2)
Human rhinovirus 7	[Z47564]	(HRV-7)
Human rhinovirus 9		(HRV-9)
Human rhinovirus 11	[Z47565]	(HRV-11)
Human rhinovirus 15		(HRV-15)
Human rhinovirus 16	[L24917]	(HRV-16)
Human rhinovirus 21	[Z47566]	(HRV-21)
Human rhinovirus 29	[Z47567]	(HRV-29)
Human rhinovirus 36	[Z49123]	(HRV-36)
Human rhinovirus 39		(HRV-39)
Human rhinovirus 49	[Z47568]	(HRV-49)
Human rhinovirus 50	[Z47569]	(HRV-50)
Human rhinovirus 58	[Z47570]	(HRV-58)
Human rhinovirus 62	[Z47571]	(HRV-62)
Human rhinovirus 65	[Z47572]	(HRV-65)
Human rhinovirus 85		(HRV-85)
Human rhinovirus 89	[M16248]	(HRV-89)

Human rhinovirus B (3 serotypes)		(HRV-B)
Human rhinovirus 3	[U60874]	(HRV-3)
Human rhinovirus 14	[K02121, K01087, L05355]	(HRV-14)
Human rhinovirus 72	[Z47574]	(HRV-72)


Serotypes not yet assigned to a species (82 serotypes)
Bovine rhinovirus 1	(BRV-1)
Bovine rhinovirus 2	(BRV-2)
Bovine rhinovirus 3	(BRV-3)
Human rhinovirus 4 to 6	(HRV-4 to 6)
Human rhinovirus 8	(HRV-8)
Human rhinovirus 10, 12, 13	(HRV-10, 12, 13)
Human rhinovirus 17 to 20	(HRV-17 to 20)
Human rhinovirus 22 to 28	(HRV-22 to 28)
Human rhinovirus 30 to 36	(HRV-30 to 36)
Human rhinovirus 37, 38	(HRV-37, 38)
Human rhinovirus 40 to 48	(HRV-40 to 48)
Human rhinovirus 51 to 57	(HRV-51 to 57)
Human rhinovirus 59 to 61	(HRV-59 to 61)
Human rhinovirus 63 to 64	(HRV-63 to 64)
Human rhinovirus 66 to 71	(HRV-66 to 71)
Human rhinovirus 73 to 84	(HRV-73 to 84)
Human rhinovirus 86 to 88	(HRV-86 to 88)
Human rhinovirus 90 to 100	(HRV-90 to 100)