Genus Nucleorhabdovirus
|
|
|
|
Type Species |
Potato yellow dwarf virus |
(PYDV) |
Distinguishing Features
Nucleorhabdoviruses multiply in the nucleus of plants forming large granular inclusions that are thought to be sites of virus replication. Viral proteins are synthesized from discrete polyadenylated mRNAs and accumulate in the nucleus. Virus morphogenesis occurs at the inner nuclear envelope and enveloped virus particles accumulate in perinuclear spaces. In protoplasts treated with tunicamycin, morphogenesis is interrupted and nucleocapsids accumulate in the nucleoplasm. The genome of SYNV virus is about 13.7 kb. Preceded by a non-coding 144 nts leader sequence, the gene order is 3
-N-P-SC4-M-G-L-5. The leader sequence transcript is polyadenylated. N represents the Mr 54 
103 viral nucleocapsid, P is a Mr 38 103 phosphoprotein, SC4 is probably a non-structural protein, M a Mr 32 103 matrix protein, G a Mr 70 103 glycoprotein (unglycosylated form) and L the Mr 241 103 polymerase. The intergenic regions are similar in length and have sequence relatedness to those of other rhabdoviruses. The 5-non-coding (trailer) region is 160 nts long with extensive complementarity to the leader sequence. N and P contain nuclear localization signals and are present in nuclear inclusions. A distinct nuclear polymerase complex composed of N, P and L is present in nuclei of infected cells. The genome of RYSV is 14 kb with a gene order similar to SYNV, except for the presence of an additional gene between G and L which encodes a virion-associated protein.
List of Species Demarcation Criteria in the Genus
In the genus Nucleorhabdovirus, species are primarily differentiated by host range and vector specificity. Nucleic acid hybridization has been used to provide confirmation of species and serological criteria have enabled verification of common species that infect different hosts. However, no virus strains have been defined unambiguously using serology. The complete nucleotide sequence is available for only two species in the Nucleorhabdovirus genus (SYNV and Rice yellow stunt virus, RYSV). Thus this criterion is not presently sufficient for discrimination of species. Hybridization using cloned probes has been used to verify species within the genus and these analyses should be emphasized in future studies.
List of Species in the Genus
Official virus species names are in italics. Tentative virus species names, alternative names ( ), strains or serotypes are not italicized. Virus names, vectors type { }, CMI/AAB description numbers ( ), genome sequence accession numbers [ ], and assigned abbreviations ( ) are:
Species in the Genus
|
|
|
|
|
Datura yellow vein virus |
|
|
(DYVV) |
|
Eggplant mottled dwarf virus (115) |
|
|
(EMDV) |
|
(Pittosporum vein yellowing virus) |
|
|
(PVYV) |
|
(Tomato vein yellowing virus) |
|
|
(TVYV) |
|
(Pelargonium vein clearing virus) |
|
|
(PVCV) |
|
Maize mosaic virus |
{leafhopper} (94) |
|
(MMV) |
|
Potato yellow dwarf virus |
{leafhopper} (35) |
|
(PYDV) |
|
Rice yellow stunt virus |
{leafhopper} |
|
(RYSV) |
|
(Rice transitory yellowing virus) (100) |
|
[X75534, U47053, D87843, D87844, AB002822, AB010258, AB003092, D89654] |
(RTYV) |
|
Sonchus yellow net virus |
{aphid} (205) |
[M13950, M17210, M23023, M35689, M73626, M87829] |
(SYNV) |
|
Sowthistle yellow vein virus |
{aphid} (62) |
|
(SYVV) |
Tentative Species in the Genus
None reported.
List of Unassigned Species in the Family
There are at least six serogroups of rhabdoviruses that infect animals that have not been assigned to an existing genus and there are a number of ungrouped viruses. Sigma virus is transmitted vertically through the germinal cells of Drosophila species and confers CO2-sensitivity to infected insects. Both host and viral genes contribute to the maintenance of the virus in the host. Sigma encodes a 6th gene located between the P and M genes. The function of this gene is not known. The intergenic regions of the virus are variable (up to 36 nts in length) and one gene (M) overlaps that of the following gene (G). For most of the other listed viruses, no biochemical characterization has been reported. Their assignment to the family relies on the distinctive morphology of rhabdoviruses.
Official virus species names are in italics. Tentative virus species names, alternative names ( ), strains or serotypes are not italicized. Virus names and assigned abbreviations ( ) are:
|
|
|
1- Bahia Grande group: |
|
Bahia Grande virus |
(BGV) |
|
Muir Springs virus |
(MSV) |
|
Reed Ranch virus |
(RRV) |
|
2- Hart Park group: |
|
Flanders virus |
(FLAV) |
|
Hart Park virus |
(HPV) |
|
Kamese virus |
(KAMV) |
|
Mosqueiro virus |
(MQOV) |
|
Mossuril virus |
(MOSV) |
|
3- Kern Canyon group: |
|
Barur virus |
(BARV) |
|
Fukuoka virus |
(FUKAV) |
|
Kern Canyon virus |
(KCV) |
|
Nkolbisson virus |
(NKOV) |
|
4- Le Dantec group: |
|
Le Dantec virus |
(LDV) |
|
Keuraliba virus |
(KEUV) |
|
5- Sawgrass group: |
|
Connecticut virus |
(CNTV) |
|
New Minto virus |
(NMV) |
|
Sawgrass virus |
(SAWV) |
|
6- Timbo group: |
|
Chaco virus |
(CHOV) |
|
Sena Madureira virus |
(SMV) |
|
Timbo virus |
(TIMV) |
List of Unassigned Animal Rhabdoviruses
|
|
|
|
Almpiwar virus |
|
(ALMV) |
|
Aruac virus |
|
(ARUV) |
|
Bangoran virus |
|
(BGNV) |
|
Bimbo virus |
|
(BBOV) |
|
Bivens Arm virus |
|
(BAV) |
|
Blue crab virus |
|
(BCV) |
|
Charleville virus |
|
(CHVV) |
|
Coastal Plains virus |
|
(CPV) |
|
DakArK 7292 virus |
|
(DAKV-7292) |
|
Entamoeba virus |
|
(ENTV) |
|
Garba virus |
|
(GARV) |
|
Gossas virus |
|
(GOSV) |
|
Humpty Doo virus |
|
(HDOOV) |
|
Joinjakaka virus |
|
(JOIV) |
|
Kannamangalam virus |
|
(KANV) |
|
Kolongo virus |
|
(KOLV) |
|
Koolpinyah virus |
|
(KOOLV) |
|
Kotonkon virus |
|
(KOTV) |
|
Landjia virus |
|
(LJAV) |
|
Manitoba virus |
|
(MNTBV) |
|
Marco virus |
|
(MCOV) |
|
Nasoule virus |
|
(NASV) |
|
Navarro virus |
|
(NAVV) |
|
Ngaingan virus |
|
(NGAV) |
|
Oak-Vale virus |
|
(OVRV) |
|
Obodhiang virus |
|
(OBOV) |
|
Oita virus |
|
(OITAV) |
|
Ouango virus |
|
(OUAV) |
|
Parry Creek virus |
|
(PCRV) |
|
Rio Grande cichlid virus |
|
(RGRCV) |
|
Sandjimba virus |
|
(SJAV) |
|
Sigma virus |
[X91062] |
(SIGMAV) |
|
Sripur virus |
|
(SRIV) |
|
Sweetwater Branch virus |
|
(SWBV) |
|
Tibrogargan virus |
|
(TIBV) |
|
Xiburema virus |
|
(XIBV) |
|
Yata virus |
|
(YATAV) |
List of Unassigned Plant Rhabdoviruses
There are many plant rhabdoviruses that have not been assigned to a genus. Their assignment to the family relies on the distinctive morphology of rhabdoviruses. Some have been transmitted experimentally. However, none has been characterized physicochemically.
Official virus species names are in italics. Tentative virus species names, alternative names ( ), strains or serotypes are not italicized. Virus names, vectors type { }, CMI/AAB description numbers ( ), and assigned abbreviations ( ) are:
|
|
|
|
Atropa belladonna virus |
|
(AtBV) |
|
Beet leaf curl virus |
{lacewing} (268) |
(BLCV) |
|
Callistephus chinensis chlorosis virus |
|
(CCCV) |
|
Carnation bacilliform virus |
|
(CBV) |
|
Carrot latent virus |
{aphid} |
(CtLV) |
|
Cassava symptomless virus |
|
(CsSLV) |
|
Cereal chlorotic mottle virus |
{leafhopper} (251) |
(CCMoV) |
|
Chrysanthemum frutescens virus |
|
(CFV) |
|
Chrysanthemum vein chlorosis virus |
|
(CVCV) |
|
Citrus leprosis virus |
|
(CiLV) |
|
Clover enation virus |
|
(ClEV) |
|
Coffee ringspot virus |
{mite} |
(CoRSV) |
|
Colocasia bobone disease virus |
{leafhopper} |
(CBDV) |
|
Coriander feathery red vein virus |
{aphid} |
(CFRVV) |
|
Cow parsnip mosaic virus |
|
(CPaMV) |
|
Cynara virus |
|
(CraV) |
|
Dendrobium leaf streak virus |
|
(DLSV) |
|
Digitaria striate virus |
{leafhopper} |
(DiSV) |
|
Euonymus fasciation virus |
|
(EFV) |
|
Finger millet mosaic virus |
{leafhopper} |
(FMMV) |
|
Gerbera symptomless virus |
|
(GeSLV) |
|
Gomphrena virus |
|
(GoV) |
|
Holcus lanatus yellowing virus |
|
(HLYV) |
|
Iris germanica leaf stripe virus |
|
(IGLSV) |
|
Ivy vein clearing virus |
|
(IVCV) |
|
Laelia red leafspot virus |
|
(LRLV) |
|
Launea arborescens stunt virus |
|
(LArSV) |
|
Lemon scented thyme leaf chlorosis virus |
|
(LSTCV) |
|
Lolium ryegrass virus |
|
(LoRV) |
|
Lotus stem necrosis |
|
(LoSNV) |
|
Lucerne enation virus |
{aphid} |
(LEV) |
|
Lupin yellow vein virus |
|
(LYVV) |
|
Malva silvestris virus |
|
(MaSV) |
|
Maize sterile stunt virus |
{leafhopper} |
(MSSV) |
|
Melilotus latent virus |
|
(MeLV) |
|
Melon variegation virus |
|
(MVV) |
|
Oat striate mosaic virus |
{leafhopper} |
(OSMV) |
|
Parsley virus |
|
(PaV) |
|
Phalaenopsis chlorotic spot virus |
|
(PhCSV) |
|
Pigeon pea proliferation virus |
|
(PPPV) |
|
Pineapple chlorotic leaf streak virus |
|
(PCLSV) |
|
Pisum virus |
|
(PisV) |
|
Plantain mottle virus |
|
(PIMV) |
|
Ranunculus repens symptomless virus |
|
(RaRSV) |
|
Raphanus virus |
|
(RaV) |
|
Raspberry vein chlorosis virus |
{aphid} (174) |
(RVCV) |
|
Red clover mosaic virus |
|
(RCIMV) |
|
Sainpaulia leaf necrosis virus |
|
(SLNV) |
|
Sambucus vein clearing virus |
|
(SVCV) |
|
Sarracenia purpurea virus |
|
(SPV) |
|
Sorghum virus |
{leafhopper} |
(SrV) |
|
Soursop yellow blotch virus |
|
(SYBV) |
|
Triticum aestivum chlorotic spot virus |
|
(TACSV) |
|
Vigna sinensis mosaic virus |
|
(VSMV) |
|
Winter wheat Russian mosaic virus |
{leafhopper} |
(WWMV) |
|
Wheat chlorotic streak virus |
{leafhopper} |
(WCSV) |
|
Wheat rosette stunt virus |
{leafhopper} |
(WRSV) |
|
Zea mays virus |
|
(ZMV) |
Phylogenetic Relationships within the Family
Molecular phylogenies determined by using N, G, or L protein sequences support the integrity of the family Rhabdoviridae and the assignment of species within the established genera. For G proteins, relatively low sequence identities across the family prevent the construction of a universal phylogeny. L protein sequences are most highly conserved but are presently available for few viruses other than the type species of each genus. A universal phylogeny can be constructed by using all available sequences of a relatively conserved central region (119 amino acids) of the N protein (see Fig. 3). The phylogenetic analyses indicate that vesiculoviruses and ephemeroviruses are the most closely related of the established genera.
Similarity with other Taxa
Rhabdoviruses share several features with viruses of the Filoviridae and Paramyxoviridae families in the order Mononegavirales. Features they have in common include the unsegmented negative-sense, single-strand, non-infectious RNA genome, the helical nucleocapsid, the initiation of primary transcription by a virion-associated RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, similar gene order, and single 3 promoter with short terminal untranscribed regions and intergenic regions. The virions are large enveloped structures with a prominent fringe of spikes. They replicate in the cytoplasm and mature by budding, predominantly from the plasma membrane with the exception of rabies virus which buds occasionally from internal membranes and plant rhabdoviruses of the genus Nucleorhabdovirus which bud from the inner nuclear membrane. They transcribe discrete unprocessed messenger RNAs.
Derivation of Names
Cyto: from Greek kytos “cell”.
Ephemero: from Greek ephemeros, “short-lived”.
Lyssa: from Greek lyssa “rage, fury, canine madness”.
Novi: sigla from “non-virion” protein.
Nucleo: from Latin nux, nucis, “nut”.
Rhabdo: from Greek rhabdos, “rod”.
Vesiculo: from Latin vesicula, diminutive of vesica, “bladder, blister”.
